-------------------------------------------------
The role of glutamine in the therapy of cancers (1/4)
Diagnosis - RAK. There is hardly a man who would not come across someone with cancer. Cancer is in any case a very strong stress for both the patient and his family. Treatment of patients according to the standards of academic medicine is primarily surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy.Doctors, however,
very reluctant to experiment with substances that could help this form of therapy, not to mention the use of alternative methods of treatment, even for those patients whose chemo-and radiotherapy do not give any chance for a surgical cure is impossible.
Medical non-academic support for cancer therapy
provides an enormous amount of different substances to be wonderful
cure for cancer. Many of these are an attempt to extort money from
patient. Some of them may, in some cases
indeed, help.
In today's article I would like to focus on one view
chemical and provide a summary of results from research in
application in cancer therapy to relatively simple compound,
commonly used by bodybuilders, namely - GLUTAMINE.
------------------------------
Glutamine is one of 20 amino acids commonly found in
all proteins. The human body can synthesize it yourself. A
However, it is unusual. Its uniqueness is associated with several
aspects. Here they are:
1. The first stage of burning of almost all amino acids are replacing them
in the muscles of glutamine and to a lesser extent alanine. In this
wytransportowywane as they are the muscles, and then consumed by
other tissues as fuel (2). For this reason, glutamine helps
save all the other amino acids.
2. Glutamine is a very fast, priority fuel for epithelial
intestinal tract and immune system, a very important system, which
the fight against cancer must operate smoothly. Glutamine quickly enter into
metabolic pathway of combustion, which was very easily turns into acid
glutamic acid, which is then easily transformed into acid
alpha-ketoglutarowy - one of the amino acids in the Krebs cycle
mitochondria.
3. Synthesis of glutamine can occur in each cell. However, in a
energy shortages in its synthesis of the cell decreases. This is due to the fact
with the substitution of glutamic acid glutamine requires the delivery of a portion
energy.
4. Glutamine is generally bad for fuel cells
cancer. This follows from the fact that it enters the Krebs cycle before
succinate dehydrogenase complex - an enzyme found
only in the mitochondria, rather than acting, like most
other Krebs cycle enzymes, also in the cytoplasm of the cell.
It is known that the majority of cancer cells to a greater extent
generate energy from anaerobic glycolysis of sugar and to a lesser
degree from the combustion of fat in the mitochondria.
To give it brings so much energy the body, which can
make better use of energy production in mitochondria than
tumor that has this ability impaired.
On average looking, the more malignant the tumor, including
less he is able to produce energy in the mitochondria and the
may be potentially greater profit from the use of glutamine.
5. On the other hand, we must also remember, however, that glutamine is
consumed by cancer cells to the synthesis of nucleic acids and
fatty acids, and thus the building blocks of the substance of the cell. The so-called.
Cancer cachexia is precisely the effect of glutamine by eating whole
cancer, so that it lacked the body. Organism to produce
glutamine - starts to break down its own muscle.
6. Glutamine is an essential ingredient for the synthesis of the main
intracellular antioxidant and detoksykanta - glutathione. Without
glutamine, glutathione levels drop quickly, and healthy cells can easily
subject to degeneration, particularly in the use of chemo-and
radiotherapy.
-------------------------
In today's article, however, I would like to focus on
properties of glutamine as a factor which reduces the side
of chemo-and radiotherapy and escalating their action
therapeutic.
-------------------------
For healthy subjects, the amino acid glutamine is a neutral and less
important. It is also the most abundant amino acid,
comprising 60% of the pool of free amino acids in the blood. Since glutamine
contains two amino groups of amino acids may also be the most
universal (1). As a priority fuel for rapidly dividing
cells include: enterocytes, colonocytes, lymphocytes and fibroblasts,
in this respect is more effective than glucose. It provides
also substrates for the synthesis of purines and pyrimidines needed for DNA synthesis
and RNA. In the kidney, glutamine is incorporated into the acid balance
base through the production of ammonia (3).
In periods of increased metabolic stress is glutamine
released from skeletal muscle and the concentration of intracellular
glutamine decreases by more than 50% (4-6). Roth and others found that patients
with peritoneal sepsis, survival was dependent on intracellular
concentrations of glutamine (7). Although the body can synthesize glutamine
It is currently treated as periods of amino acid catabolism
scarce.
The rate of glutamine synthesis can not be maintained at a high
levels during stress. Furst et al. suggest that during stress
may be necessary to supplement glutamine in a dose of 15-35g to protect
glutamine muscle, to maintain the integrity of the intestines, provide fuel
for cells with rapid metabolism and improve the overall nitrogen balance
(8).
Literature:
1) Kaproth, P. Glutamine: Current role in nutrition support,
12:1,5-7, 1992
2) Bergstrom, J, et al, intracellulare free amino acid concentrations in
human muscle tissue. J Appl Physiol 36:693-697,1974.
3) Klimberg V.S. et al, Glutamine, cancer, and its therapy. Am J Surg,
172:418-424,1996
4) JP Vant et al, Plasma amino acid profiles in sepsis and stress.
Ann Surg 209:57-62,1989
5) Askanazi, J et al, Muscle and plasma amino acids Following injury:
Influence of intercurrent infection. AnnSurg 192:78-85,1980
6) Furst P et al, Influence of amino acid supply on nitrogen and
Plasma amino acid metabolism in Severe Trauma. Acta Chir Scand suppl.
494:136-8,1979
7) Roth E et al, Metabolic Disorders in Severe abdominal sepsis:
Glutamine deficiency in skeletal muscle. Clin Nutr. 1:25-41, 1982
8) Furst P et al, Evidence for a nutritional need for glutamine in
Catabolic Patients. Kidney Int 36:5287-92,1989
tbc ...
MD Piotr Krzysztof Michalak
----
To receive the Newsletter, please visit www.drMichalak.pl and
Enter your email address.
---
If you believe that someone of your friends would add to the information from
this Bulletin - send it to him now that e-mails ...
---
I note that the newsletter contains the most knowledge not recognized
of academic medicine.
---
